Boston Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
The Boston Research Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities (BRJSSH) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal publishing original research across social sciences and humanities disciplines.
Grammar and Syntax: Understanding Their Differences and Interrelatedness
Many scholars affirm that syntax is a part of grammar. Some others illustrate it by saying that grammar is a book and syntax is a chapter of this book. This fact has attracted my attention to the extent that I attempt to answer the question: is it true that syntax is a part of grammar and grammar is not a part of syntax? To answer this question, I collected different ideas from scholars who write about grammar and syntax so as to analyze them. Therefore, this article aims at explaining that grammar is grammar and syntax is syntax although they share some common points. In general, sciences are interrelated. Although sciences are interrelated, each science distinguishes itself from other sciences by its properties, characteristics, methods, and subjects of study. Having this in mind, it is clear that grammar and syntax are interrelated and each of them is a particular discipline. This is to say that syntax is a discipline different from grammar which is also another discipline. A discipline cannot be a part of another discipline. If a discipline is a part of another discipline, therefore that discipline is not a discipline. It is not justifiable to say that syntax is a part of grammar and deny that grammar is not a part of syntax since a whole is made of parts. If syntax is a part, grammar is also a part. It means that grammar without syntax, grammar is no longer grammar because its part that makes a whole is missing. If this is true, syntax is a part of grammar, and grammar is a part of syntax. In fact, grammar and syntax are distinct disciplines.
The Government's Commitment to Free Quality School Education in Sierra Leone: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Directions
The 1960 UNESCO Resolution and the 1990 World Declaration on Education for All call for action to ensure equality in education and non-discrimination in access to learning opportunities for under-served groups. These documents have influenced national laws and policies worldwide, including the 1991 Constitution of Sierra Leone, which mandates the Government to guarantee equal educational opportunities for all citizens. The Government of Sierra Leone prioritizes education as a critical driver for national development through its Free Quality School Education (FQSE) policy. This paper examines the Government’s efforts to implement FQSE across the country. It provides a historical overview of education in Sierra Leone, explores educational system changes, and evaluates education policies over the years. The paper assesses the accessibility and enrollment of school-going children and analyzes the education sector’s problems and challenges. The research methods include questionnaires, interviews, observations, discussions, and secondary data from the internet and books. The data will be analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, with recommendations to improve and strengthen education policies.
The Right of Entry - Spatial Politics and the Gendered Home in Kundanika Kapadia’s Seven Steps in the Sky
This paper explores the intersection of spatiality, gender, and agency in Kundanika Kapadia’s seminal Gujarati novel, Seven Steps in the Sky (Sat Pagla Aakashma). Moving beyond purely Western spatial theories, this study employs a framework grounded in Indian feminist criticism and post-colonial theory—engaging with the works of Partha Chatterjee, Tanika Sarkar, and Michel Foucault. It argues that the domestic sphere in the novel functions not merely as a private dwelling but as the “inner domain” of cultural preservation, where the female subject is surveilled and silenced to maintain the sanctity of the patriarchal kula (clan). The paper analyses the protagonist Vasudha’s trajectory from the stifling enclosure of her marital home to the limitless expanse of the “sky”, interpreting this journey as a radical reclamation of the swadharma (self-duty) that transcends traditional domestic obligations.
The Slow Pace of Mexico's Labor Market Recovery After Covid-19
This document aims to assess the recovery of Mexico’s labour market following the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2020, the country experienced a significant decline in gross domestic product, the most severe since the crisis of 1982, which also had a profound impact on labor market conditions. The economy was heavily reliant on oil exports, and the country faced challenges due to low oil prices and a sharp increase in international interest rates, as it was one of the most indebted countries globally. The analysis in the document relies solely on official data and employs comparative statistical methods. The hypothesis posits that four years after the 2020 crisis, Mexico’s per capita GDP and most labor market indicators have not fully recovered to pre-pandemic levels. While the potential for recovery exists, various factors, including government actions and external conditions, have significantly altered the landscape. Internally, Mexico has implemented a range of social programs aimed at boosting basic incomes, albeit at the expense of capital investment and human capital development, particularly in education, training, health, capacity building, and science and technology. Externally, barriers to free trade and foreign investment have been erected, clouding Mexico’s short-term economic outlook.
Curriculum Evaluation and the Democratic Republic Of the Congo Self-defense: A Way to Peace
The war in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo has revealed that this country needs weapons for its self-defense and development. Education can solve this problem if it provides appropriate knowledge which can endow students with abilities to defend and develop their country. Education is the basis of development of any country. The backbone of education is curriculum. This one must be well-designed so as to endow students with skills to defend and develop the country. This article aims at analyzing the DRC civil engineering curriculum so as to see whether it can help the RDC to develop its armament. To reach this objective, this article attempts to answer this question “do civil engineering curriculum provide the Congolese students with appropriate knowledge for weapon manufacture for its self-defense?”. After the analysis of some courses planned in the civil engineering curriculum, the results indicate that the curriculum is well designed, but it lacks the government support. As consequence, the country cannot manufacture its own weapons.
Ritual, Relationship, and Resistance: The Praxis of Family Spirituality, Secular World - Based on the Day of Rest in Psalm 23
This research paper examines the six verses of Psalm 23 using a historical-literal hermeneutic to explain their theological meaning and to evaluate their relevance to family spirituality in a socio-cultural context that is increasingly secularised. The research problem is to identify the impact of the presentation of God as Shepherd by David on the domestic domain of ceremonial practice, relational processes, and spiritual resistance. Using both close textual analysis and a survey of available scholarship, the findings suggest that Psalm 23 serves as a model of divine provision, guidance, protection, and hope, thus strengthening spiritual identity and creating resilience. The study finds that the orientation of the life of the family around the person and ministry of God, as actualised in the person of Jesus Christ, is the inescapable foundation of the maintenance of authentic spirituality within modern society.
The Relevance of Mexico's Mega Public Investments and Its Emphasis on The Rescue of Its Macrosouth Region: Towards a Paradigm Shift in the Face of the Prevailing Neoliberal Strategy
In the current multipolar global context prevailing nowadays at the world level and the imperative of national-states, especially those from the periphery and emerging economies, to seek development alternatives beyond the neoliberal model (Washington´s Consensus), encouraging social inclusion within their lagging economies by prioritizing growth, social inclusion, and sustainability. As shown by Mexico’s recent emphasis on rescuing its Macro South region, a long-time neglected geostrategic and geoeconomic region by neoliberal regimes, which emphasized growth but neglected people’s well-being and a sustainable environment for the sake of profit. Accordingly, this article aims at firstly analyze through pertinent indicators the prevailing asymmetry between Mexico´s Macronorth versus Macrosouth regions to assess their asymmetric development, and secondly, Mexico’s effort to revert such situation and rescuing the latter by encouraging its economic growth, social inclusion and sustainability through public funding infrastructure megaprojects such as the Mayan Train, the Tehuantepec Trans-Isthmic Corridor and the Dos Bocas Refinery, etc. already put into operation by Mexico.
Mexico's Oil Industry 2019-2025: National Sovereignty and Energy Self- Sufficiency Without Development?
This paper aims to put into perspective the insufficiency of the rescue strategy for Mexico’s oil industry during the 2019-2025 period, which covers the administration of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) and impacts the first months of the subsequent administration. The paper’s hypothesis is that the energy policy actions applied to the oil industry responded to a confused understanding of national sovereignty and energy self- sufficiency in an environment where it is difficult to determine whether there was even a legitimate concern about the country’s future development and the role that oil could play in it, given the importance it had in the industrialization process (import substitution industrialization and manufacturing exports-led growth). To clarify this, the text evaluates, through the method of comparative statistical analysis, the degree of compliance of the seven main hydrocarbon-related tasks self-imposed by the AMLO administration. Based on official figures, it shows that, as of April 2025, none of the tasks had been completed, except for that referred to the reversion of the energy reform and those determined by inertial factors or financial and human resources to which the government had broad access. In this environment, after a six-and-a-half-year wait and a great deal of committed resources, the situation of the oil industry, far from improving, worsened.
Hidden Narratives in the Creases of Life: A Review of Li Hao's Life Behind Life
A good novelist should be a good psychologist. He understands the reader’s psychology and knows how each character in a story would react differently to an event. This game-like process is full of fun and embodies the spirit of play. (Li Hao) Logical coherence, detailed historical context, and unique narrative angles combine to create exquisite stories. Li Hao, as a “story magician” working behind the scenes, continues to draw inspiration from life and infuse it into his literary creations. his works can be seen as exploration of hidden narratives in the folds of life. Read Article Download PDF Dig Deeper With AI Readers can now gain more insights about this research manuscript using chat. Powered by Scholar Lens AI. BRJ now support Model Context Protocol 10b40e10-6846-4671-8300-97598c5f3ba7 Research ID Universal Unique Research ID #research-barcode { width: 100% !important; height: 100px !important; } Citation Generator APA (BRJ Compatible) MLA Chicago Harvard BibTeX Cite This Research Manuscript Your citation will appear here... Copy to Clipboard Figures No figures added References (APA) Li, H. (2021). Life behind life . Qinghai People's Publishing House. Li, H., & Xiao, Y. (2022, August 5). Li Hao to Xiao Yu: I admit I refuse to settle for mediocrity . China Writers .manuscript-sidebar p{ line-height: 22px; } .portfolio-attributes p{ margin-bottom: 0px !important; } #crossmark-check-for-update-logo:hover{ cursor: pointer; transform: scale(1.03); transition: all 0.3s ease; } .author-info{ background: #f2f2f2; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
The Role of the Dot in Handwriting Computation: A Cognitive Linguistic Perspective on Arabic Handwriting Recognition
Arabic handwriting has faced several challenges throughout its historical journey. First, its morphological problems were overcome through ‘Abu l-‘Aswad’s endeavors. Then, with the efforts of Nasr bin ‘āsim and Yahya bin Ya‘mur, the closure of its graphic sign system was addressed fulfilling its linguistic functions. Next, through the reforms of ’Al- farāhīdī its coding was completed. In addition to these achievements that resolved the phonological and semantic issues in developing the graphemes of the handwriting system, Ibn Muqla introduced a new challenge on the aesthetic aspect of the letter. By following strict rules that established the aesthetic proportions of each Arabic letter and its subordinate elements according to each type of font, the dot became a geographical unit of measurement. This approach was endorsed by those who came after him, such as ’Ibn ’Al-Bawwāb and Yāqūt ’al-Musta‘simī. However, in the modern era, Arabic handwriting presents us with a new challenge, as it has become an integral part of the electronic, digital, and computer communication structures, and solutions for the automatic recognition of Arabic graphemes. Despite the existing efforts in many laboratories and research institutions, the subject raises problems such as the formation of Arabic letters, their design and construction, the capabilities of automatic recognition, and the need for faster letters readability.
Evaluation of an Autonomous, Arts-Based Therapeutic Methodology (D.D.A.T.A.) in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities: A High-Power Pilot Functional Study
The Differentiated Didactic Approach to the Arts (D.D.A.T.A.) is a unique, multimodal pedagogical and therapeutic model whose efficacy has been strongly supported through extensive clinical application to a cumulative sample of 512 individuals presenting with diverse developmental challenges. This exacting high-power pilot quasi-experimental study was designed to provide foundational validation for D.D.A.T.A., focusing specifically on its quantifiable impact on adaptive behavior and functional motivation in adults aged 18 to 45 diagnosed with Intellectual Disabilities (ID). A cohort of 27 participants was non-randomly allocated to an Experimental Group (n=14), which received the music- and movement-centric protocol, and a Control Group (n=13). The experimental group achieved highly statistically significant outcomes (p<.001) coupled with exceptionally large effect sizes (Cohen’s d>2.3) across the two primary functional domains: Adaptive Behavior (VABS Screener) and Motivation (MAS). Preliminary sensor data from the experimental group, generated by the method’s integral sensor technology (S.T.E.A.M.), robustly reinforce the theoretical underpinnings by measuring a 78% reduction in rhythmic execution errors and enhanced accuracy by 4.8 standardized units. The integration of an autonomous Artificial Intelligence (AI) system is the next developmental phase, positioning D.D.A.T.A. as a future standard for personalized neuro-rehabilitation. Crucially, the D.D.A.T.A. protocol functions as a neuro-rehabilitative instrument, leveraging music’s inherent capacity to induce measurable neuroplastic changes and motor synchronization. This research provides compelling, robust empirical evidence from a high-power pilot trial, strongly justifying the necessity of a future large-scale Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) and underscoring the urgent necessity of establishing a stable, dynamic institutional and research framework for its comprehensive technological and societal implementation.
Assessing the Role of the Sierra Leone Teacher's Union in Nation Building: A Case Study of Sierra Leone Teacher's Union, Freetown
This article examines the pivotal role of the Sierra Leone Teachers’ Union (SLTU) in the nation-building process of Sierra Leone. Through a mixed-methods approach, the study assesses the SLTU’s contributions, challenges, and impact on the educational sector. Findings indicate that while the union is crucial for advocating teacher’s welfare and influencing policy, its effectiveness is often hampered by political interference, poor working conditions, and internal challenges. The study concludes that a synergistic relationship between the government and the SLTU is essential for achieving quality education and sustainable national development.
Concert and Ethnic Dance in Israel: A Century of Divergence and Convergence
This article treats the Land of Israel as a cultural laboratory where ethnic, folk, and concert dance have cyclically diverged and converged. Tracing a century – from Ottoman rule and the Mandate through statehood and globalization – it follows early pioneers (Agadati, Nikova), Ausdruckstanz artists and holiday pageants, the post-1948 melting-pot government policy, and Sara Levi-Tanai’s Inbal Dance Theater singular expansion of Yemenite sources. After an era of detachment (1960s–80s), rapprochement since the 1990s reflects pluralism and third-generation curiosity. Parallel Arab developments (dabkeh infrastructures, joint projects) and the Ethiopian-Israeli trajectory Eskesta Dance Troupe to Beta show how embodied micro-techniques can seed contemporary vocabularies. Recent exemplars, Orly Portal and Stav Struz-Boutrous, expand languages from within while interrogating gender, power, and identity. The article argues that Israeli dance models a plural modernity, where archives, pedagogy, and equitable collaboration sustain living traditions as engines for contemporary creation
“You are not alone…I am here”: Lived Experiences of Parents of Filipino Young Adults with Mental Health Conditions
Crucial in every transition in the life span is the role of parents. Many young adults face a challenging journey during the post pandemic era which affected their mental health. This study aims to investigate the lived experiences of parents of Filipino young adults with mental health conditions. Criteria in choosing the participants are parents with young adults diagnosed with a mental condition and residing in Cavite, Philippines. Seven parents met the criteria and voluntarily agreed to become the participants of the study. The researchers employed interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to delve deeply into the experiences of parents. Findings revealed the group experiential themes (GETS) derived from the narratives – parental distress, caregiving hardship, compassion and empathy, restorative practices, and holistic support system. A framework “masked heart” concludes the journey as it represents parents who may experience hardship but with compassion and empathy, wholeheartedly supported the young adults. Read Article Download PDF Dig Deeper With AI Readers can now gain more insights about this research manuscript using chat. Powered by Scholar Lens AI. BRJ now support Model Context Protocol 786df6a2-0ffd-412b-a34d-ead0ab39c2dd Research ID Universal Unique Research ID #research-barcode { width: 100% !important; height: 100px !important; } Citation Generator APA (BRJ Compatible) MLA Chicago Harvard BibTeX Cite This Research Manuscript Your citation will appear here... Copy to Clipboard Figures References (APA) Al Yahyaei, A., Al Omari, O., Abu Sharour, L., Cayaban, A. R., Shebani, Z., Al Hashmi, I., ALBashtawy, M.,Alkhawaldeh, A., & Alhalaiqa, F. (2024). The lived experience of parent caregivers of adolescents with mental illness: A phenomenological study. International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery, 12 (1), 2–12. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJCBNM.2023.100667.2375 Cashin, A. (2024, July 23). On edge: Understanding and preventing young adults’ mental health challenges . Making Caring Common. https://mcc.gse.harvard.edu/reports/on-edge Chavez, M. L., & Manaois, J. G. (2025). Understanding the experiences of middle-aged Filipino parents of children with undiagnosed neurodevelopmental conditions in rural northern Philippines. International Journal of Social Science and Education Research Studies, 5 (4). https://doi.org/10.55677/ijssers/v05i04y2025-02 Department of Health (DOH). (2023). National Mental Health Program annual report . Fakhrou, A. A., Adawi, T. R., Ghareeb, S. A., Elsherbiny, A. M., & AlFalasi, M. M. (2023). Role of family in supporting children with mental disorders in Qatar. Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 45 (3), 123–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcamh.2023.08.005 Fernández-Ávalos, M. I., Pérez-Marfil, M. N., Ferrer-Cascales, R., Cruz-Quintana, F., Clement-Carbonell, V., & Fernández-Alcántara, M. (2020). Quality of life and concerns in parent caregivers of adult children diagnosed with intellectual disability: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (22),8690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228690 George, E. S., Kecmanovic, M., Meade, T., Lensen, S., Andersson, M., & Gebski, V. (2020). Psychological distress among carers and the moderating effects of social support. BMC Psychiatry, 20 (1), 154. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02571-7 Guy-Evans, O. (2024, June 19). Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory . Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/bronfenbrenner-ecological-systems-theory.html Harries, C. I., Smith, D. M., Gregg, L., & Wittkowski, A. (2023). Parenting and serious mental illness (SMI): A systematic review and metasynthesis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26 (2), 303–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00427-6 Havighurst, S. S., Keating, L., & Franks, H. M. (2020). The role of parents in mental health prevention and promotion: A review of the literature. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 54 (6), 585–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420912108 Heiman, T. (2021). Parents’ voice: Parents’ emotional and practical coping with a child with special needs. Psychology, 12 (5), 675–691. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2021.125042 Holmes, C., Zeleke, W., Sampath, S., & Kimbrough, T. (2024). “Hanging on by a thread”: The lived experience of parents of children with medical complexity. Children, 11 (10), 1258. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11101258 Kaynak, Ö., Whipple, C. R., Burma, R., Verdia, S., Sturges, N., Saylor, E., & Kensinger, W. S. (2024). “Everyone blames you”: Stigma and caregiver burden among parents of children with substance use disorder. Journal of
Evaluation of Hygiene and Sanitation Practices of Households in Mayahi (Niger): Area with High Prevalence of Child Malnutrition
Le département de Mayahi, Région de Maradi au Niger, présentait en 2016 des taux de malnutrition aigues et chroniques supérieurs au seuil critique de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Les données exploitées proviennent de la collecte de données issue de l’analyse des causes de la sous nutrition par la méthodologie Link Nutritional Causal Analysis (Link NCA) qui s’est déroulée de décembre 2016 à mai 2017 à Mayahi au Niger. Les indicateurs sur les pratiques d’hygiène, d’assainissement et de la malnutrition de l’enfant ont été recueillis lors d’une enquête de facteurs de risque auprès de 734 ménages. Dans ces 1134 enfants âgés de 0-59 mois et 988 enfants âgés de 6-59 mois ont fait l’objet de mesures anthropométriques. Durant l’enquête qualitative, 16 groupes de discussions ciblés/orientés, 48 entretiens individuels et 4 réunions communautaires ont été organisés. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la faible présence de sources d’eau sûre et protégées d’une part ; et les faibles pratiques d’assainissement autours des puits augmentent le risque de contamination fécale lors de l’approvisionnement en eau de boisson. Cette eau non traitée, associées aux pratiques d’hygiène inadaptées est à la base de diverses maladies infantiles. Read Article Download PDF Dig Deeper With AI Readers can now gain more insights about this research manuscript using chat. Powered by Scholar Lens AI. BRJ now support Model Context Protocol 9266dc6b-95a5-4106-afb1-deb2772d539d Research ID Universal Unique Research ID #research-barcode { width: 100% !important; height: 100px !important; } Citation Generator APA (BRJ Compatible) MLA Chicago Harvard BibTeX Cite This Research Manuscript Your citation will appear here... Copy to Clipboard Figures References (APA) Action Contre la Faim. (2015). Guide méthodologique Link NCA . Link NCA. https://www.linknca.org Action Contre la Faim. (2016). Étude Link NCA, District Sanitaire d’Abdi, Région du Ouaddaï, Tchad [Final Report]. International Medical Corps; USAID. https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/nca_abdi_rapport_final_17052016.pdf Action Contre la Faim. (2024, January 9). Tout savoir sur l’accès à l'eau dans le monde . https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/a-la-une/tout-savoir-sur-lacces-a-leau-dans-le-monde/ Ake Tano, O., Tiembré, I., Konan, Y. E., Donnen, P., Dagnan, N. S., & Koffi, K. (2010). Malnutrition chronique chez les enfants de moins de 5 ans au nord de la Côte d'Ivoire. Santé Publique , 22 (2), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.3917/spub.102.0213 Bentley, M. E., Wasser, H. M., & Creed-Kanashiro, H. M. (2011). Responsive feeding and child undernutrition in low- and middle-income countries. The Journal of Nutrition , 141 (3), 502–507. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.127027 Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M. F., Walker, N., Horton, S., Webb, P., Lartey, A., Black, R. E., & The Lancet Nutrition Interventions Review Group, the Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. (2013). Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost? The Lancet , 382 (9890), 452–477. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60996-4 Black, R. E., Allen, L. H., Bhutta, Z. A., Caulfield, L. E., de Onis, M., Ezzati, M., Mathers, C., & Rivera, J. (for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group). (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: Global and regional exposures and health consequences. The Lancet , 371 (9608), 243–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61690-0 Bukenya, G. B., & Nkwolo, N. (1991). Compound hygiene, presence of standpipe and the risk of childhood diarrhoea in an urban settlement of Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Epidemiology , 20 (2), 534–539. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/20.2.534 Cairncross, S. (2003). Editorial: Water supply and sanitation: some misconceptions. Tropical Medicine & International Health , 8 (3), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3156.2003.01027 Chalimbaud, J., Coates, J., & Colaiezzi, B. (2015). Link NCA guidelines . Action Contre la Faim. https://www.actioncontrelafaim.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/link-nca-guidelines-version-2.0_french.pdf Chang, S. M., Walker, S. P., Grantham-McGregor, S., & Powell, C. A. (2002). Early childhood stunting and later behaviour and school achievement. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 43 (6), 775–783. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00088 Corbett, M. (2007). A causal analysis of malnutrition, including the minimum cost of a healthy diet, El Wak Northern Kenya . Save the Children UK. http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/sites/default/files/docs/Kenya_Cost_of_the_Diet.pdf Département Technique Action contre la Faim (Franc
Research on New Gaokao Chinese Writing Exam Questions—Taking the National Papers from 2020 to 2024 as Examples
2020年新高考实施以来，写作在新高考语文试题中的难度不断增加，学生得分却变得不理想。对此，本文采用文献法、数据统计法及对比研究法，对2020—2024年新高考写作10套真题进行统计，从命题题型、引导材料、考点内蕴、考查重点方面分析其趋势。发现其题型以任务驱动型材料作文为主；材料语选择具有多元性与创新性；重视考查“正确的世界观和方法论”核心价值；思辨色彩浓厚。基于以上发现，对2025年写作试题进行预测和提出高分备考策略
Survival of Trade across Lake Victoria during the First World War: A Historical Perspective
The First World War (1914–1918) had far-reaching consequences on global and regional commercial networks. Lake Victoria, a transport and economic hub in East Africa became an area of interest between the Germs in Tanganyika and the British in East Africa (British East African protectorate and Uganda) where each power sought to disrupt the general supply and the commercial progresses of one another during the First World War. This study investigates the survival of trade across the lake amidst the hostilities and fear in the region caused by the War. Employing Economic Resilience, Informal Economy and Regional Integration Theories, this study illustrates the persistence of trade across the lake during the war period. The study holds that strategic interests of colonial powers and pre-existing trade relations sustained commerce across the lake during the war period. Local traders adjusted to wartime conditions by employing informal techniques including smuggling and barter systems. In the same vein British and German colonial officials reluctantly compromised some level of trade for sustainability of their respective economic interests.
John Calvin (1509–64), the most influential economist of his time, was a reformer and a novel economist, in line with Erasmo. He postulated economic dynamics prior to those of the Scottish philosophers David Hume and Adam Smith. Among his many writings, we can infer a set of conjectures about an individual that we can term the Calvinian economic individual. This individual, whom he describes with impeccable French logic, emerges with his theological outlook after 1533. Human life encompasses different spheres, with the economy being one of them. Satisfying needs and wants requires labour and effective time management in the Garden of Eden, as in the world today. Nevertheless, the key difference now is the fallen nature. Adam and Eve’s disobedience triggers scarcity and a distorted mindset in all human beings. While the former is relevant in the economy, the latter is a problem in all spheres of life. Furthermore, this is the heart of Calvin’s economic outlook. Hence, it is important to disentangle the very nature of the individual from the theological dimension. It is impossible to comprehend the spirit of his economic thought without describing the genesis of this problem. Thus, the objective of this paper is to describe the Calvinian economic individual, seeing Calvin as a scientific movement, as Kuyper does. This lawyer, humanist, and investigator, with his French mind, has to say many interesting things that have remained hidden.
Evaluation of an Intermediate English Textbook Taught at Palestinian Universities: A Quantitative Study
This study aims at evaluating the English Language Skills1 taught at Palestine Ahliya University as perceived by instructors at four Universities that use the same textbook (Palestine Ahliya University, Al-Qudes Open University, Al-Istqlal University and Palestine Technical University – Kadoorie). The study also examines the role of gender, years of experience and university, on the degree of evaluating the chosen textbook. To achieve the purpose of the study, the researcher used a 37-item. The questionnaires were distributed amongst the sample of study was chosen randomly which consisted of 27 male and female instructors who teach English Language Skills1 at four universities during the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023. The results showed that the total degrees of the five domains (content, grammar &amp; vocabulary, activities &amp; exercises, the physical appearance &amp; attractiveness and technology integration) scored high degrees. The results also showed that there were no statistically significant differences at (α ≤ 0.05) in the degrees of the instructors’ evaluation of the English Language Skills I textbook due to gender and years of experiences. On the other hand, there was a statistically difference in the content domain due to university in favor Al- Quds Open University. It can be concluded that the textbook is suitable for Palestinians students, their culture and levels. Since findings showed most of participants’ responses scored high degrees, the researcher recommended using this textbook at all universities in Palestine after considering the suggested modifications.
The Practices of Intellectual Stimulation by Parents for Their Children as an Illustration of Transformational Leadership
This research aimed to explicate the extent to which parents engage in the practice of intellectual stimulation for their children, conceptualized as an illustration of transformational leadership, employing a descriptive analytical methodology where an instrument was developed to assess the progression of transformational leadership levels in parenting, encompassing the Bartering, Building, Bonding, and Banking approches. This instrument was administered randomly to a cohort of (701) parents whose children are enrolled in primary education within the city of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia. The findings indicate that the degree of parental practices of intellectual stimulation is remarkably elevated, suggesting a high level of Banking in transformational leadership, with an arithmetic mean of (6.16 out of 7). Furthermore, the investigation disclosed statistically significant discrepancies dependent upon the gender of the child and the educational level of the parents. The study promotes for the execution of additional quantitative and qualitative research to reveal the perspectives of children and compare them with those of their parents, alongside recommending the enhancement of reflection practices among both parents and children through tailored training programs.
Research on Language and Text Questions in the New Gaokao and High-Scoring Strategies—Taking the National Papers of the New Gaokao from 2020 to 2024 as an Example
2020年新高考实施以来，语言文字运用部分在试题中的难度不断增加，导致学生得分极为困难。因此，本文通过文献法、数据统计法以及比较研究法，从多个方面对2020-2024年的新高考全国卷进行研究。发现其命题探索阶段化；命题考点情境化；考察能力综合化的特征。最终预测2025年高考语言文字运用试题和提出高分策略，助力学生成绩的提升。 Read Article Download PDF Dig Deeper With AI Readers can now gain more insights about this research manuscript using chat. Powered by Scholar Lens AI. BRJ now support Model Context Protocol 5d2f9378-739a-4917-9b04-8533765be363 Research ID Universal Unique Research ID #research-barcode { width: 100% !important; height: 100px !important; } Citation Generator APA (BRJ Compatible) MLA Chicago Harvard BibTeX Cite This Research Manuscript Your citation will appear here... Copy to Clipboard Figures References (APA) Anderson, L. W. (Ed.). (2009). Jiàoyù mùbiāo fēnlèi xué: Fēnlèi xué shìyě xià de xué yǔ jiào jíqí cèpíng [A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of educational objectives] (X. Jiang et al., Trans.). Wàiyǔ Jiàoxué yǔ Yánjiū Chūbǎnshè [Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press]. (Original work published 2001). Bao, Y. (2024). Jīyú yǔjìng lǐlùn de yǔyán wénzì yùnyòng nénglì jiàoxué yánjiū [A study on the teaching of language application ability based on context theory] [Master's thesis, East China Normal University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2024.000056 Chen, C. (2023). Qíngjìng yùnyòng tàn guīlǜ tíshēng sīwéi cù fāzhǎn——2023 nián xīn gāokǎo yǔyán wénzì yùnyòng tí bèikǎo cèlüè tán [Exploring rules in contextual application to enhance thinking and promote development: On the preparation strategy for the language and character application questions in the 2023 new college entrance examination]. Yǔwén Jiàoxué Yǔ Yánjiū [Chinese Language Teaching and Research], (1), 112–116. Guo, X. (2025). Shí wén jiàn yǔ xún guīlǜ, huó xué huó yòng qiǎo yìngdá——2025 jiè gāokǎo yǔyán wénzì yùnyòng tí bèikǎo cèlüè [Identify patterns in text and language, learn and apply flexibly for clever responses: A preparation strategy for the 2025 college entrance examination language application questions]. Guǎngdōng Jiàoyù (Gāozhōngbǎn) [Guangdong Education (High School Edition)], (1), 2–7. Guo, Y. (2024). Jīyú yǔyán sùyǎng péiyǎng de gāozhōng yǔyán wénzì yùnyòng jiàoxué yánjiū [A study on high school language application teaching based on the cultivation of language literacy] [Master's thesis, Jiangxi Normal University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27178/d.cnki.gjxsu.2024.001763 Jiàoyùbù Kǎoshì Zhōngxīn [Education Examination Center of the Ministry of Education]. (2019). Zhōngguó gāokǎo píngjià tǐxì [China's college entrance examination evaluation system]. Rénmín Jiàoyù Chūbǎnshè [People's Education Press]. Li, L. (2024). Xīn kèbiāo shìyù xià gāokǎo yǔyán wénzì yùnyòng shìtí bǐjiào yánjiū [A comparative study of language application test questions in the college entrance examination from the perspective of the new curriculum standard] [Master's thesis, Hubei University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27130/d.cnki.ghubu.2024.001123 Xu, B. (2021). Gāokǎo yǔyán wénzì yùnyòng shìtí jiàoxué duìcè tànjiù [An inquiry into teaching strategies for language application questions in the college entrance examination] [Master's thesis, Hebei Normal University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27110/d.cnki.ghsfu.2021.000203 Yang, X. (2024). Xīn gāokǎo yǔyán wénzì yùnyòng tí mìngtí qūshì yǔ bèikǎo lùjìng [The proposition trend and preparation path of language application questions in the new college entrance examination] [Master's thesis, Yunnan Normal University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27459/d.cnki.gynfc.2024.000738 Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Jiàoyùbù [Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]. (2020). Pǔtōng gāozhōng yǔwén kèchéng biāozhǔn (2017 niánbǎn 2020 nián xiūdìng) [Language curriculum standards for regular high schools (2017 edition, 2020 revision)]. Rénmín Jiàoyù Chūbǎnshè [People's Education Press]. Core Competencies Language and Text Application Questions New Gaokao Preparation Strategies Question Design Features .manuscript-sidebar p{ line-height: 22px; } .portfolio-attributes p{ margin-bottom: 0px !important; } #crossmark-check-for-update-logo:hover{ cursor: pointer; transform: scale(1.03); transition: all 0.3s ease; } .author-info{ background: #f2f2f2; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
Path Dependence and the Persistence of Lake Victoria’s Kenyan Port Towns
Debate about path dependence on emergence and persistence of urban centres has attracted parallel views. The emergence of urbanisation equilibrium in the lake region can be explained by locational fundamentals (their proximity to Lake Victoria) and increasing returns. However, the persistence of these urban centres is due to path dependence. The decline of lake transport in the post-colonial East Africa resulted to the collapse of many port activities across the Lake. However, a number of Kenyan port towns including Karungu (Sori), Kisumu, Homa Bay and Kendu Bay have persisted and even expanded despite this economic shift. Employing path dependence theory, this paper explains their resilience, arguing that both colonial and post- colonial administrative frameworks and socio-economic networks created self-reinforcing mechanisms that sustained these towns long after their original economic importance faded. Drawing on field research, archival sources and secondary literature, the study demonstrates how initial conditions, institutional lock-ins, and adaptive strategies contributed to the continued expansion of these urban centers. The findings show the enduring influence of historical pathways on contemporary urban development and suggest policy implications for leveraging these historical trajectories for sustainable growth.
Santhali Traditional Social Institution in the Context of Globalization
This paper offers a critical analysis of Santhali traditional institutions in the context of globalization, focusing on the transformations affecting family structures, marriage customs, gender roles and perceptions of sexuality. It examines how global socio-economic forces, formal education, digital media, and changing political and legal frameworks have influenced the Santhal community’s cultural values and social organization. The study highlights the implication of migration and urbanization on religious practices and communal institutions, drawing on field based case studies to illustrate how specific Santhali villages and communities are negotiating are negotiating the pressures of globalization while striving to preserve their cultural identity. Particular attention has been given to the role of traditions and folklore in maintaining social cohesion and cultural continuity. The analysis interrogates the tensions between cultural preservation and commercialization, and explores the religious socio-economic transformations occurring within the community. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and policy initiatives aimed at supporting cultural resilience and sustainable adaptation among Santhals in a rapidly globalizing world.
Avulsion of the Magdalena River, Pinillos Sector, Colombia
Fluvial dynamics or avulsion occur in plains, intramontane valleys, alluvial plains in low basins, river confluences, and fluvio-marine deltas, and are driven by factors such as sedimentation, hydroclimatic events, geology, geomorphology, and floods. In the Magdalena River, the main river of Colombia, a rapid morphological and hydrological change took place in its lower basin due to the closure of a section of one branch and the formation of a new channel. This altered the area’s hydrological and geomorphological configuration, contrasting with typical meandering dynamics. In this study, a multitemporal analysis (1985–2024) of satellite images was performed to assess the morphodynamic evolution of the Magdalena and Cauca Rivers. Additionally, natural factors such as geology, geomorphology, fluvial dynamics, and sediment concentration were evaluated for their role in the avulsion of the Magdalena River in the Pinillos area of Colombia. As a result, a thematic map was developed to systematically assess and monitor physical variables in fluvial avulsion studies. Contrary to the predicted scenario (the closure of the Pinillos meander), after the 2010– 2011 La Niña event the Magdalena River suddenly changed its course through a channel called Victoria, altering the geomorphological and hydrological configuration of that sector of the river. The resulting cartography shows evidence of sedimentation in the closed branch and the widening and connection of smaller channels that formed the new active bed of the Magdalena River.
Research on Classical Chinese Questions in the New Gaokao Chinese Exam: A Case Study of the National Papers from 2020 to 2024
2020年新高考实施以来，文言文在新高考语文中的分值权重持续上升，难度也在不断增加，导致学生得分也变得困难。在此，本文运用文献法、统计法、比较法，统计了2020-2024年新高考文言文10套真题，从选文、题型与考点方面分析其命题趋势。发现其选文呈现多元化与多文本趋势；题型转向主观化；考点更贴近教材。基于以上，预测2025年高考文言文试题和提出高分策略 Read Article Download PDF Dig Deeper With AI Readers can now gain more insights about this research manuscript using chat. Powered by Scholar Lens AI. BRJ now support Model Context Protocol bf1538bb-521a-4f4b-a17f-13d1ec028204 Research ID Universal Unique Research ID #research-barcode { width: 100% !important; height: 100px !important; } Citation Generator APA (BRJ Compatible) MLA Chicago Harvard BibTeX Cite This Research Manuscript Your citation will appear here... Copy to Clipboard Figures References (APA) Bloom, B. S., Krathwohl, D. R., & Harrow, A. J. (1986). Jiàoyù mùbiāo fēnlèi xué: Dì yī fēncè rènzhī lǐngyù [Taxonomy of educational objectives, handbook 1: Cognitive domain] (L. Luo et al., Trans.). Huádōng Shīfàn Dàxué Chūbǎnshè [East China Normal University Press]. Hu, R. (2022). Xīn kè gǎi bèijǐng xià jìn sān nián gāokǎo yǔwén wényánwén shìtí yánjiū jí jiàoxué jiànyì [A study on the classical Chinese test questions in the college entrance examination in the last three years under the background of the new curriculum reform and teaching suggestions] [Master's thesis, Southwest University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27684/d.cnki.gxndx.2022.003702 Jiàoyùbù Kǎoshì Zhōngxīn [Education Examination Center of the Ministry of Education]. (2019). Zhōngguó gāokǎo píngjià tǐxì [China's college entrance examination evaluation system]. Rénmín Jiàoyù Chūbǎnshè [People's Education Press]. Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12 (2), 257–285. Tong, Z. (2021). Gāokǎo wényánwén bèikǎo cèlüè jí mìngtí zhǎnwàng [Preparation strategies and proposition prospects for classical Chinese in the college entrance examination]. Yǔwén Jiàoxué Yǔ Yánjiū [Chinese Language Teaching and Research], (9), 113–120. Wang, L. (2014). Zhōngguó gǔdài wénhuà chángshì [General knowledge of ancient Chinese culture]. Jīnghuá Chūbǎnshè [Jinghua Press]. Xu, Q. (2022). Yǔwén héxīn sùyǎng shìyù xià gāokǎo wényánwén (quánguó juàn) shìtí yánjiū (2011-2021) [A study on the classical Chinese test questions of the college entrance examination (National Volume) from the perspective of core literacy in language arts (2011-2021)] [Master's thesis, Xinyang Normal University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27435/d.cnki.gxsfc.2022.000069 Yan, W. (2023). Gāokǎo wényánwén yuèdú shící fānyì jiàoxué yánjiū [A study on the teaching of translating content words in classical Chinese reading for the college entrance examination] [Master's thesis, Shihezi University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27332/d.cnki.gshzu.2023.000817 Zhai, X. (2023). Jìn wǔ nián gāokǎo quánguó juàn wényánwén shìtí yánjiū [A study on classical Chinese test questions in the national college entrance examination papers of the last five years] [Master's thesis, Fuyang Normal University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27846/d.cnki.gfysf.2023.000138 Zhang, X. (2024). Gāokǎo wényánwén yuèdú shìtí fēnxī yǔ jiàoxué cèlüè yánjiū [An analysis of classical Chinese reading test questions in the college entrance examination and a study of teaching strategies] [Master's thesis, East China Normal University]. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). https://doi.org/10.27149/d.cnki.ghdsu.2024.000064 Zhang, Y. (2017). Lìshuō gāokǎo wényánwén fēnxī zònghé lèi shìtí de jiětí jìqiǎo [Illustrating the problem-solving skills for analysis and synthesis questions in classical Chinese for the college entrance examination]. Yǔwén Tiāndì [Chinese Language World], (16), 5–6. Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Jiàoyùbù [Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China]. (2020). Pǔtōng gāozhōng yǔwén kèchéng biāozhǔn (2017 niánbǎn 2020 nián xiūdìng) [Language curriculum standards for regular high schools (2017 edition, 2020 revision)]. Rénmín Jiàoyù Chūbǎnshè [People's Education Press]. Classical Chinese Exam Questions New Gaokao Question-setting Trends .manuscript-sidebar p{ line-height: 22px; } .portfolio-attributes p{ margin-bottom: 0px !important; } #crossmark-check-for-update-logo:hover{ cursor: pointer; transform: scale(1.03); transition: all 0.3s ease; } .author-info{ background: #f2f2f2; padding: 12px; border-radius: 8px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
Successful Use of Non-Invasive Ventilation in Acute Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema: A Case Report
Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) is a well-established intervention for acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema (ACPE), improving oxygenation and reducing the need for intubation. We present a case of an elderly patient with hypertensive emergency complicated by ACPE, managed successfully with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) without progression to invasive ventilation. This case highlights the importance of early recognition, appropriate mode selection, and integration of guideline-directed medical therapy in the acute phase.
Johann Baptist Kiermeier: Between Catholicism and Modernity in Goias (Brazil) in the Early 20th Century
This paper explores the complex relationship between the Catholic Church and modernity in early 20th-century Brazil, focusing on the example of the German Redemptorist missionaries in Goiás. The study challenges the view of the church as a monolithic, closed institution by highlighting the internal tensions and generational conflicts that emerged as it confronted modern ideals. While the Redemptorist Congregation was a key proponent of anti-modern Ultramontanism in 19th-century Germany, it transformed into a leading force for modernization in Brazil. The case of clergyman Johann Baptist Kiermeier (1874-1958) illustrates this shift. A “young reformer” fascinated with technology and science, Kiermeier pioneered innovations like the first telephone and electric lights in the city of Campinas, which later became the capital of the state of Goiás (Brazil). His progressive stance led to conflicts with his conservative superiors, who viewed his interests as a dangerous flirtation with modernism. The paper argues that for the Redemptorists, modernization was not an end, but a pragmatic means to advance their spiritual mission. This distinguishes their successful efforts from the frustrated attempts of liberal, non-religious groups in the same region, whose modernization projects were culturally driven abut lacked the institutional support and strategic purpose of the church.
Exploring English Language Needs: An in-depth Analytical Approach
This study explores the English language needs of students through a quantitative analytical approach, identifying key areas where learners require support in their linguistic development. By employing structured surveys and statistical analysis, the study examines students’ proficiency levels, challenges, and specific requirements in reading, writing, listening, and speaking. The findings reveal significant gaps in academic and communicative English skills, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. The study concludes with recommendations for curriculum development, instructional strategies, and policy improvements to enhance English language acquisition among students.
A Comparative Review of Evaluation Systems for Private Higher Education in Nine Countries
This study conducts a cross-national comparative analysis of the evaluation systems for private universities in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Jordan, Norway, Russia, South Africa, and the United States. The research finds that although there are differences in the evaluation systems of private universities across nations, they exhibit significant commonalities at the national regulatory level. All countries take the legality of school establishment through legislation and higher education quality assurance as fundamental starting points, aligning the accreditation and evaluation standards for private higher education institutions with those of public institutions. Simultaneously, the study reveals the distinctiveness of private university evaluation systems from the perspective of third-party assessments, systematically examining the notable characteristics of quality assurance mechanisms and third-party evaluation approaches in these countries’ private higher education sectors.
Neural Circuits: Σ(35-59) Artificial Sound Environments Interconnected to an Evolving Autocentric Rotating Cellular Cube
Constructed by using multiple computer-fragmented WAV files retrieved from disposed digital audio data. 68 modular circuits and three ports each equipped with electronic grids, were developed. The action outcomes of each circuit are controlled by command processing, 24 partitions of an evolving rotating cube with 576 cellular blocks. Attached to each cell are wavelets, one to four plugins and a similar number of effects or a combination of both. The automaton tends to evolve from an initial random distribution of a selection of circuits, WAV files, effects and plugins to a deterministic selection of numbers used in further fragmentation processes of circuit-processed WAV files allowing accessibility in the distribution state so that wavelets can reach their destination. Circuits are part of the neural network of commands, offering machine learning capabilities. The development draws on transition adapted for modelling purposes in areas from physical and biochemical sciences.