Johann Baptist Kiermeier: Between Catholicism and Modernity in Goias (Brazil) in the Early 20th Century

Abstract

This paper explores the complex relationship between the Catholic Church and modernity in early 20th-century Brazil, focusing on the example of the German Redemptorist missionaries in Goiás. The study challenges the view of the church as a monolithic, closed institution by highlighting the internal tensions and generational conflicts that emerged as it confronted modern ideals. While the Redemptorist Congregation was a key proponent of anti-modern Ultramontanism in 19th-century Germany, it transformed into a leading force for modernization in Brazil. The case of clergyman Johann Baptist Kiermeier (1874-1958) illustrates this shift. A “young reformer” fascinated with technology and science, Kiermeier pioneered innovations like the first telephone and electric lights in the city of Campinas, which later became the capital of the state of Goiás (Brazil). His progressive stance led to conflicts with his conservative superiors, who viewed his interests as a dangerous flirtation with modernism. The paper argues that for the Redemptorists, modernization was not an end, but a pragmatic means to advance their spiritual mission. This distinguishes their successful efforts from the frustrated attempts of liberal, non-religious groups in the same region, whose modernization projects were culturally driven abut lacked the institutional support and strategic purpose of the church.